Novel Designs for Growing Things
About the Author
Allison Arieff, the former Editor in Chief of Dwell magazine, is Senior Content Lead for the design and innovation firm IDEO. She is co-author of the books “Prefab” and "Trailer Travel," and the editor of many books on art and popular culture, including “Airstream: The History of the Land Yacht” and “Cheap Hotels.” Ms. Arieff lives in San Francisco.
Photo by: Emily Nathan
Cows Grazing in the Rumpus Room
O.K., the planet is officially out of (or back in?) alignment: American farmers are making money hand over fist while the hedge fund guys are wishing they’d put a little more cash under the mattress. Corn growers in the United States can no longer keep pace with the staggering global demand for the raw material of corn syrup and ethanol and so, seemingly out of nowhere, there’s a demand for more farmland.
That just looks wrong on the page!
But it’s true. We are running out of farmland and some people, like finance guru James Cramer in his recent column for New York magazine urging readers to invest in farm supply equipment, are suggesting — only a little facetiously — that housing developments may need to be razed to clear the way for more farmland.
That sounds crazy, but it really shouldn’t come as much of surprise: for decades, we’ve systematically razed nearly every patch of land we’ve been able to in an effort to create more room for industry, technology and people, without really paying attention to what’s being lost in the process. With scores of homes being abandoned because of the current mortgage debacle, some innovative rethinking is going to have to happen around overbuilt subdivisions, master planned communities and urban high rises.
Not long ago, any visions of an agrarian return would have been chalked up to nostalgia: today, such conjurings don’t seem so far-fetched. And indeed, the purposeful reclamation of urban and suburban lands is serious fodder for artists, architects and academics alike.
Creating open space where others wouldn’t think to look for it is a trademark of architect David Baker, who, for Curran House, an affordable housing project in San Francisco’s gritty Tenderloin neighborhood, designed roof gardens with small individual container garden plots allowing residents to cultivate their own crops.

And, by persuading the developers and the City of San Francisco to lose the proposed parking lot (an accomplishment of epic proportions in the realm of residential construction), Baker created an open-air gathering space at the back of the building’s lobby — accessed, cleverly, by a roll-up door typically used for garages.
(Photos: Marion Brenner)Other groups, like Urban Ecology, are exploring open spaces and multi-use paths for underutilized spaces like between railroad tracks and under off ramps. New York’s High Line project has of course helped lead the way.
There’s a new novel out in which the real estate developer hero comes to love the animals displaced by his livelihood. After his conversion, the protagonist says: “If the oceans were dead and the forests replaced by pavement even empire would be robbed of its consequence.”
Lydia Millet’s “How the Dead Dream” is, of course, fiction. but in reality, architect and educator Fritz Haeg is exploring ways to reclaim land for animals like owls, bobcats, turtles and squirrels that have been displaced by development. (My friend’s family pet was bitten by a rattlesnake in Orange County last year, but not because that snake had developed a particular taste for dachshunds.) Haeg’s Animal Estates project, currently on view as part of the 2008 Whitney Biennial, proposes the reintroduction of animals back into our cities, strip malls, garages, office parks, freeways, front yards, parking lots and neighborhoods. In a series of traveling exhibits throughout the country over the course of the year, he will develop a variety of potential animal dwellings and hopes to determine which ones would most effectively welcome animals back to their natural habitats.
Haeg also explores the reclamation of land not just for animals but for plants with his Edible Estates: Attack on the Front Lawn project. Launched in 2005 with a prototype garden in Salina, Kan., the geographic center of the United States, Edible Estates aims to effect change in urban and suburban communities alike by urging residents to eat their lawns rather than mow them. (Did you know that homeowners use up to 10 times more chemical pesticides per acre on their lawns than farmers use on crops?) There are now nine such projects throughout the United States and abroad.

(Photo: courtesy of Fritz Haeg)Haeg is essentially proposing a clever twist on the long-established community gardens, which were used to help increase food supply after both world wars. When the U.S. Department of Agriculture stressed the importance of fresh vegetable consumption, the Victory Garden Program was born, just after World War I, leading to the production of approximately 40 percent of fresh vegetables consumed from some 20 million gardens. (For more information, see City Farmer.)
(Photo: Los Angeles Public Library)Community gardens, like this one in Santa Monica, Calif., continue to propagate like so many seedlings throughout the country.

(Photos: Bryan Burkhart)Victory Gardens are also making a comeback: last year Garden for Environment and the City of San Francisco’s Department for the Environment developed Victory Gardens 2007, a pilot program that supports the transition of backyards, frontyards, window boxes, rooftops and unused land into food production areas.
Taking that notion even further is the Berkeley-based foundation SAGE (Sustainable Agriculture Education), which has been working to bring the urban and agrarian together. With the publication of its Urban Edge Agricultural Tool Kit in 2005, SAGE (Sustainable Agriculture Education) has pioneered the concept of Urban Edge Agricultural Parks – part working agriculture and part parkland. SAGE advocates for farmland at the edges of urban centers, particularly disused urban areas like Detroit, Mich. As manufacturing disappears and the food supply chain dwindles, why not reintroduce farmland?
(Photo: courtesy of SAGE)Our domestic landscape has become increasingly homogeneous, with little variation from place to place. I once visited a development in Fort Worth that varied from one I’d just come from in Phoenix only by the Lone Star tile embedded over the houses’ front doors. In a way, really, the runaway demand for — and planting of — corn seems to mimic the proliferation of generic, cookie-cutter homes nationwide.
Perhaps these innovative land reclamations can begin to have an impact on crop homogeneity. Looking at them reminded me of an article I’d read years ago that followed the chef and food evangelist Alice Waters as she strolled through a Paris farmer’s market and was increasingly made aware of all of the varieties of fruits and vegetables no longer cultivated.
The financial benefits of growing corn versus, say, heirloom tomatoes (though I imagine the Mortgage Lifter might be popular this year), or fava beans may be too hard for any farmer to pass up. That means that any helpful push toward agricultural (and architectural) diversity is welcomed — and imperative.
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2008
6:06 am
What an encouraging article.
As a child growing up in the 40’s in Detroit, my mother, a transplanted farm girl, always had a garden in our backyard. Since we owned a restaurant and seldom ate meals at home, the fruits of her labor were used in food preparation at the restaurant. One spring while turning the soil she unearthed an English porcelain chamber pot dated from the 1800’s. Imagine that. History buried in our backyard.
— Posted by Agnes Witter
2008
6:22 am
Makes me want to work on planning my garden.
— Posted by Kat Doyle
2008
7:00 am
This is a wonderful article, a welcome change from reading about the war, global warming, and the financial situation. Please write more. People are turning to a simpler life to escape the bad news and refresh their values. This life style included animals as well as plants. Go to mvfiberfarm.blogspot.com/, to read about baby goats jumping and playing as their mother watch. Knitters can buy stock in the CSA that sponsors the blog. Each knitter gets yarn when the goats are sheared, without doing all of the work.
— Posted by Carol Gibbs
2008
7:13 am
Great news!- can we now please please please please stop wasting billions and billions of dollars subsidizing farmers of all shapes and sizes and allocate those valuable resources to important policies? Pretty please?
— Posted by rehajm
2008
7:47 am
Thank you for you thoughtful article.
— Posted by Lynda Norris
2008
7:59 am
I know it’s a little beyond the scope of this wonderful article, but there are many new “conservation developments” out there also seeking to change the image of cookie-cutter houses spread over razed ag fields. In the Chicago region, Prairie Crossing (www.prairiecrossing.com) and Tryon Farm (www.tryonfarm.com) both mix new houses with old farmland. You really can have both!
— Posted by Scott Kuchta
2008
7:59 am
wonderful idea … and since the price of concrete has gone sky high too, we can build pretty terraced walls out of the dug-up pavement. Another novel DIANA LIVELY IS FALLING DOWN is about the possible intersection of interests between developers and tree-huggers like myself..set in Arizona, right next to the London Bridge.
— Posted by Sheila Curran
2008
8:02 am
Wonderful article & just when I have a stack of seed catalogs waiting!
Just one quibble: a rattlesnake in Orange County? well, WHICH Orange County? NY?, VT?, FL?, NC?
There are about nine of them
— Posted by Margaret
2008
8:14 am
Can’t wait to share this one! All of my retiring friends are contemplating getting back to the land to one degree or another!
— Posted by Marjorie W. Smith
2008
8:15 am
Congratulations on a great, and badly needed, article! This nation of sheep has been in a destructive trance for too many years. Please turn this into a can-do series with more great examples of what people are doing to transform our blighted and chemically-addicted American landscape. Nature is what will make us human again.
— Posted by Gary Foreman
2008
8:25 am
I have been hoping for the return of Victory Gardens. Growing up in Boston, every inch of our back yard had some vegetable growing in it. Now I live in Somerville, MA with only 10 feet or less to the fence. My back yard is too much in shade. I tried growing vegetables there 40 years ago with no luck. My tomatoes grew to about 15 feet, reaching for the sun.
The front of my home is in full sun all day but there is a slanted slope to the sidewalk, similar to one pictured in your terrific article. I have not grown vegetables there because of all the traffic. Are my concerns about polluted vegetables unfounded? Is there anything there I could plant that is safe to eat?
Vera
— Posted by Vera Gropper
2008
8:27 am
I believe I read an article not too long ago about how every home used to have some sort of fruit tree or other in it, and it reminded me of the peach, pear, and pecan trees I grew up with in our old neighborhood. I’ve recently planted a fig and a couple of hazlenuts in our yard and have a small vegetable/herb garden going with plans for more fruits and nuts. Fruit and vegetable gardening seems a novelty to most people today who seem to think of their yards as more decoration for their houses than anything.
— Posted by Margarita
2008
8:29 am
It doesn’t take a lot of dirt to grow something edible when pursued on a small scale. If we could return to the Victory Garden mentality where each family grew at least part of their food needs, even in a kitchen window greenhouse, we would be surprised at the collective impact of our efforts. Growing produce commercially is big business because there is a lot of money in it. A single tomato purchased at retail is pretty expensive. Everyone involved in the production and distribution has to make a profit. A tomato grown in a small garden plot is pretty cheap and it tastes a lot better.
Individually, we could grow more than we could consume. Collectively we could seriously impact the commercial market, earning a small profit for each small grower, enough to more than cover the cost and time of doing it ourselves. Europeans are quite good at this. How come we can’t figure it out?
— Posted by 60cents
2008
8:31 am
Great article, it’s definitely indicative of a historic trend to think ‘backwards’ in the face of adversity, but in this case it’s a progressive ‘back to the future’ to borrow a line from pop-culture.
— Posted by tltroup
2008
8:33 am
I, too, am uplifted by this kind of article, and I agree that it is nothing short of essential for the country to begin to think in simpler terms. However, I think it is important to not look at an agrarian lifestyle as trendy way to raise European vegetables, but as a way to shed the consumerist and superficial way of life we have been embracing for 50 years. Planting even a small garden is a wonderful way to begin to slow down and contemplate living. Susan Gill
P.S. To Margaret: I think the article meant Orange County California.
— Posted by Susan Gill
2008
8:51 am
I’m thrilled to see a fairly quiet movement finally get more attention. My husband and I are in the process of transforming our useless yard into a useful garden space. It’s quite a challenge but fun and fascinating, as well. The more we research, the more we discover how many people are interested in becoming more self-sufficient to a wide range of degrees and for an equally wide range of reasons. From apocalyptics to professionals just looking for a little stress-relief, there does seem to be an attitude transition in the works. And, really, in terms of pure self-interest, doesn’t it make sense? Wheat shortages, escalating food prices, fuel costs, challenged economy . . . making do with what you have is a logical move with remarkably tasty results.
— Posted by Handygirl
2008
8:55 am
This is a great posting and encouraging that there are so many iniatives to promote gardens, green space and small farms. And I am sure, as has been suggested, there are many more. I live in Western Massachusetts where the dairy farms have all but disappeared, although Sidehill Farms in Ashfield is adding cows and yogurt to their vegetable mix, but vegetable farms are enjoying a resurgence. there is also good support for these endeavors because of CSAs Community Supported Agriculture farms, which sells shares in the harvest up front, and then have weekly distribution days. Eat in Season! I think all these efforts are hopeful. I wish we didn’t talk about Victory Gardens - victory over what? in this day and age. I think of my garden as a HOPE GARDEN.
— Posted by Pat Leuchtman
2008
9:05 am
We have open spaces in the West for gardens, but soon there will be water wars. Nevada, Arizona and California now want more than their share of the Colorado River. Rural areas are being stripped of their water.
I have space for a garden, but would have to water with city water which would defeat the purpose of conservation.
Any suggestions?
— Posted by sandra sather
2008
9:05 am
Thanks for writing about these programs and resources. In my neighborhood in Syracuse, NY lots of folks are growing food in both their front and back yards–even keeping chickens. In the face of past housing development trends, I think urban agriculture will be one of our saving graces.
— Posted by Jennifer Baskerville-Burrows
2008
9:10 am
Rehajm says
“can we now please please please please stop wasting billions and billions of dollars subsidizing farmers of all shapes and sizes and allocate those valuable resources to important policies? Pretty please?”
We aren’t subsidizing farmers. We’ve been subsidizing consumers for years and years while farmers have gone broke, so we can get cheap food at the supermarkets and fast food joints. The only change of late is now we are subsidizing for ethanol which has driven up the price of corn. Since there is little farmers can do to get more bushels of corn per acre, farmers are cultivating more acres. We still have a farm crisis, because of this subsidy for Carghil, ADM and other major corporationg that creates the market for corn and soy bean that farmers must serve in the interest of cheap food and now fuel, too. The greatest irony is that the latest surge in fossil fuel (peak oil in combination with greater world demand) has created the gov’t subsidized ethanol industry requiring, according to some studies (my informal source is the book omnivores dilemma), 2.5 calories of fossil fuel in the form of fertilizers for every one calorie obtained from corn which only drives up the price of fossil fuels more.
I am all for ending the subsidy on cheap food and oil profits so we can get back to supporting farmers to grow healthy food to eat. But, to do that you have to be prepared to pay more for what you put on the dinner table and subsidize that with what you can grow for yourself in your own garden.
— Posted by Andy B
2008
9:27 am
Your article reminds me of a visit I made several years ago to a friend in Boulder, Colorado. As I rode the van from the Denver airport, weather-beaten barns with For Sale signs were juxtiposed with construction equipment razing an old pasture for a rising mall here, and a cookie-cutter housing development there. I revealed myself to be quite the eccentrice when I loudly shouted out the window, in vain, to an old farmer in familiar overalls, , “don’t sell! Don’t sell!”
From there I went over the Divide to the little town where I grew up in Western Colorado, only to find that there was nary a cherry orchard left in Orchard City. I wept.
I dread the day we become dependent on foods imported from foreign lands the way we are dependent on imported foreign oil!
We need to carefully exam our priorities. It should be a criminal offense to convert productive farm land to any other purpose. May the American farmer grow and prosper.
— Posted by rrbehonek
2008
9:31 am
There has been a vegetable garden in my backyard for over 50 years. I’m glad to read that it has now become trendy.
— Posted by Julie Falsetti
2008
9:34 am
Thanks for highlighting these great programs happening across the country. Exciting urban agriculture initiatives are happening all over New York City. Just Food works with community gardening groups interested in growing food for themselves and their communities. Through the City Farms extension program, community groups and individuals are learning sustainable agriculture techniques, how to start their own farmers markets, and even how to raise chickens right here in the city. For more information, check out www.justfood.org.
— Posted by Amy Blankstein
2008
9:35 am
This is a lovely idea, but I wonder how practical it really is for most suburbanites. I am a single mother with a full-time job who has to outsource mowing the rather shabby-looking lawn (no chemicals are spread on it, in my defense), but the thought of having to organize a vegetable garden on top of everything else frankly drives me round the bend.
I have a friend who has been growing organic vegetables in his backyard and in a local community garden plot. He has the time and enjoys it, but even he admits that the time and money he has to put into it probably isn’t worth it in economic terms. The growing season in New Hampshire, where we live, is very short, and his overall yield was not great enough to cut significantly into his grocery bill except for during a few peak weeks of production.
If I were in search of a new hobby, I suppose gardening would be a much better one than say, skiiing or snowmobiling, but I daresay there are many Americans like me who would find it hard to figure out how to fit a garden into their already overburdened lives.
— Posted by Mia
2008
9:35 am
Getting a little dirt under our finger nails is what Americans need more now than ever. More writings such as this one can give hope to a return to basic values. It may as they say” be very sexy” once again to touch the earth.
— Posted by CHARLES MCCONOLOGUE
2008
9:43 am
For Sandra worried about water: Rain collection barrels can go a little or a long way to solving your problem. It isn’t too hard to jig the downspout leading off your roof away from the city storm drain system and into your recycled barrel or plastic tank or whatever. It’s largely a question of supply (here on the Wet Coast we actually have a summer drought) and size — the bigger the better if you have the space.
— Posted by David Tracey
2008
9:50 am
#17 Sandra, have you looked into rain barrels linked to your gutters? It sounds like you’re in a dry zone and don’t get much rain, but they would help when you do. Very low-flow watering systems exist that conserve water. And Native Americans have been growing plants out west for millennia. You may not be able to grow the “obvious” crops so easily obtained in grocery stores due to shipping, but there are any number of edible plants suited to your environment. This could be your opportunity to grow food and expand your eating horizons in one fell swoop!
And chickens? Heck, yes! As soon as we get our falling-down fence replaced, the chicken coop will be the first addition.
— Posted by handygirl
2008
9:53 am
#17
Save all the water you use to boil food in, like pasta and water your outdoor plants.
— Posted by kim
2008
9:53 am
What an excellent idea in all respects.
A friend who lived in China for years told me the Chinese use every bit of land for growing food - even the strips of grass on airports and between road lanes. Roof gardens are also abundant.
I second post #10 by Gary Forman: “Please turn this into a can-do series with more great examples of what people are doing to transform our….landscape.”
— Posted by Marisa Landau
2008
10:02 am
Wonder what that means for the value of vast fertile, riverbed land in places like Oregon? Low density population and history of sluggish economic growth have never made this a sought-after place to reside. Perhaps being in the middle of nowhere will someday have financial benefits. For now, it’s nostalgically agrarian.
— Posted by Jane
2008
10:02 am
“American farmers are making money hand over fist..”
Do you know any farmers first-hand? I do, was raised by a generation of farmers, and I would like to just clear the air. High gas prices, grain prices, and land prices do not commensurate high income. Farmers, like my parents, are for the first time in a very long time, paying off debts and coming out even. As a college student, I still qualify for aid. I think farming has just become trendy for the city dweller, and I have no qualms against that shift in perception. Hopefully it will lead to greater awareness of the true agrarian situation.
— Posted by Tammy
2008
10:04 am
Thank you. Here in metro Atlanta, arable land has been stripped for housing developments for years, but there is a building emphasis on greenmarkets, local food, and urban gardens.
Plus, that image of the galvanized watering tanks being used as patio planters was just what I needed to spark my thinking for my urban front yard redesign!
— Posted by Kate
2008
10:06 am
Great article! I’d like to point out, though, that the edible container garden at Curran House in San Francisco was at least as much because of Andrea Cochran, ASLA, the project landscape architect (www.acochran.com). Her firm actually won a design award from the American Society of Landscape Architects in 2007 for this project: http://www.asla.org/awards/2007/07winners/049_acla.html and she should be given due credit.
— Posted by Naomi Sachs
2008
10:14 am
Nice piece–got me thinking about what appears to be a buried cistern in the back yard of our 1917 house here in Kentucky and whether it might still be usable.
PS my Internet Explorer locks up every time I try to print this piece but not otherwise–code problems somewhere?
— Posted by Bob Gregory